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18/20. Biology 2 Unit 3 Lesson 2 Protists and Disease Refer to the diagram above to answer questions 1-3. 1. What happens in the digestive system of the infected mosquito? The digestive system of the infected mosquito the gametocytes become gametes and the fertilization occurs. 2. When the spores are injected into a human, where do they travel to? After the spores are injected into a human they invade liver cells and some invade red blood cells. 3. What causes the repeating chills and high fever that are symptoms of malaria? The repeating chills and high fever are caused by the parasite reproducing and blood cells burst invasion and rupture. Connect to Trypanosome 4. What is a trypanosome? A trypanosome is a one-celled protozoan typically living as an active parasite in the bloodstreams of a vertebrate. 5. Name two diseases caused by trypanosomes. The two diseases causes by trypanosomes are T.gambiense and T.rhodesiense causing African sleeping sickness. T.cruzi is the cause of chagas' disease which affects the nervous system and heart. 6. What is the carrier of these diseases and where are these carriers found? The carrier of the T.gambiense is the tsetse fly which is found in Africa. Assassin bugs are the carrier for T.cruzi. You can find these bugs in south and central America. 7. Why do we not have malaria in the United States? No answer. We don't have malaria for two reasons. First, the Anopholes mosquito is found in the tropics, and second we have drained breeding areas and have sprayed for mosquito larva. Name of Disease Location of Infection Method of Transmission African Sleeping sickness blood, spinal cord, brain bite of tse-tse fly Amoebic dysentary digestive tract in water or food, especially fresh vegetables Babesiosis red blood cells bite of tick Chagas' Disease bloodstream bite of chagas bug Cryptosporidiosis lower intestines in surface waters Toxoplasmosis nervous system contact with infected cats or eating rare meat Giardia intestinal tract in flowing water Leishmaniasis spleen and intestines bite of sandfly Malaria blood and fever bite of mosquito Trichomonas intestines, mouth, urinary tract sexually from one human to another 8. Which disease can you get from a common household pet? Toxoplasmosis can be carried on to humans from infected cats. 9. Which diseases can you get from drinking from stream water? Giardia can be transmitted from drinking stream water. 10. Which disease could you get from eating lettuce salad? Amoebie dysentary can be carried by eating lettuce. 11. Choose one of the diseases, other than malaria, in the chart above and research it. Write 100 words, in your own words, about the disease and the Protist that causes it. List at least 2 site names and URLs you used for research. Trichomonas is a sexually transmitted disease that is mainly transmitted through the trophozoite stage. Most people infected with trichomoniasis are asymptomatic. Diagnosis depends on finding trophozoites in secretions of the genital tract from men to women. In cases where the numbers of organisms are very low, the trophozoites can be cultured to increase their numbers. The signs of infection range from having no symptoms to having allot. These symptoms include foul smelling or frothy green discharge from vagina, vaginal itching or redness. Other symptoms include painful sexual intercourse, lower abdominal discomfort, and the urge to urinate. Most men with this infection do not have symptoms. When symptoms are present, they most commonly are discharged from the urethra, the urge to urinate, and a burning sensation with urination. The incubation period is from 4-28 days. Very good effort, 20/25. Biology 2 Unit 3 Lesson 3 Plant-like Protists Go to the site, Harmful Algae, and use it to answer these questions. 1. What is an algae bloom? An algae bloom is where the algae grows very fast and accumulates into dense, visible patches near the surface of the water. 2. What must be present before the algae begin reproducing in large numbers? Cysts can germinate only during certain times of the year with warmer temperatures and increased light stimulating germination. The cyst breaks open, and a swimming cell emerges. The cell reproduces by simple division within a few days of hatching. If those conditions remain optimal, cells will continue to divide, reproducing exponentially, 2 to 4 to 8. A single cell could produce several hundred cells within a couple of weeks. Hmm. I haven't heard of protist algal cells called cysts. Cysts are generally a form that rod shaped bacteria take during times of harsh conditions. Rather, algal cells are always present, then whgen sunlight and nutrients, often from upwelling, are present, the population grows exponentially, creating the algal bloom. 3. According to this Red Tide link, name at least three ways that humans may be affected by harmful algae. Harmful algae are microscopic, single-celled plants that live in the sea. Most species of algae or phytoplankton are not harmful and serve as the energy producers at the base of the food web. The species that are harmful may never reach the densities required to discolor the water. Unfortunately, a small number of species produce potent neurotoxins that can be transferred through the food web. Even humans can feed either directly or indirectly on them. Yes, eating harmful shellfish is one, closing of beaches and closing of water to recreation like water skiing are two others. 4. Human illness from algae can take 5 forms. In your own words, list these 5 illnesses and describe how humans get sick. Man is exposed principally to the naturally-occurring toxins produced by harmful algae through the consumption of contaminated seafood products. The most significant public health problems caused by harmful algae are: Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning, Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning, and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning. the bold part of the question was not answered. Most caue a form of paralysis of some of the body systems, and can lead to death. 5. In the web site Uses of Algae, list at least 5 products containing algae. Five products containing algae are cottage cheese, margarine, mayonnaise, toothpaste, and ice cream. 6. Carrageenan is common in many foods, including ice cream and pudding. Describe what carrageenan is and explain why it is added to food. Carrageenan is extracted from certain kinds of algae which are built up, in contrast to agar. It is used by mixing various types of carrageenan to give a gel with particular qualities. Yes, a thickening agent. 7. Choose 5 of the following products. Either examine the product ingredients from your own kitchen cupboard or from a grocery shelf. List the name of the product and the form of algae found in the product. If you are not sure if an ingredient is algae based or not, refer back to the site in question 5 above. Well, many of these do have algae, whether the particular ones you examined do or do not. I wanted you to find those that did, and list the form the algae took. Margarine- none Mayonnaise- none Toothpaste- carrageenan Ice Cream- none Frozen Food- none Brownie mix, Cheese (yellow and orange), Chocolate milk, Coffee creamer, Cottage cheese, Egg substitute, Evaporated milk, Frozen foods and desserts, Frozen yogurt, Ice cream, Infant formula, Margarine, Mayonnaise, Multiple vitamins, Pet food , Pudding (cooked), Relishes, Salad dressing, Sauces and gravies, Sour cream, Toothpaste, Pie filling Nice attempt. 24/30. Biology 2 Unit 3 Test Matching - Match the photo to the name of the organism as listed below. a. foraminiferan - #5 b. diatom - #3 c. dinoflagellate - #1 d. amoeba - #2 e. euglena - #4 Short Answer 6. What is (a) commensalism, (b) parasitism, and (c) mutualism? Commensalism-A relationship in which one individual lives close to or on another and benefits, and host is unaffected; often symbiotic. Parasitism-The condition of an organism living in or on another organism at whose expense the parasite is maintained; destructive symbiosis. Mutualism-A type of interaction in which two different species derive benefit from their association is necessary to both, often symbiotic. 7. Name one Protist that is (a) an autotroph and one that is (b) a heterotroph. Dinoflagellate is a heterotroph. An autotroph is a photosynthetic algae. Spores spores are dormant bacilli cells. Another heterotroph is an amoeba. 8. Explain, in detail, using scientific terms, how pseudopodia function to help an amoeba move. Temporary Cytoplasmic extensions of amoebas that are used in feeding and locomotion. Good definition but they work by what method? 9. How does a paramecium move? How does it get rid of excess waste? Paramecium glide through the water by thrashing its cilia, and dispose their excess waste through their anal pore and excess water through their contractile vacuole. True-False 10. Giant kelp is a Protist. True 11. Diatoms have shells made of glass. True 12. Radial symmetry means an organism has only two sides that are the same. False 13. You can get malaria from drinking contaminated water. False 14. Chlorophyta is the Phylum of green algae. True 15. Hypotonic organisms must expel water through osmosis to keep from exploding. False True, hypotonic means the water flows into the cell, so they need to get rid of the excess. Excellent, 30/30. Biology 2 Unit 4 Lesson 1 Vocabulary and Questions Part 1 - Vocabulary 1. Hyphae-Microscopic threads that make up the body of most fungi. 2. Spore-A reproductive unit often unicellular that is capable of developing into a new organism without fusion and with another cell. 3. Mycelium-A network of fungal hyphae. 4. Symbiosis-The living together of two different species in an intimate relationship. Symbiont always benefit, may be unaffected, or may be harmed (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism). 5. Cap-Abbreviation for Catabolic (gene) activator protein. 6. Gill-A structure specialized for gas exchange in aquatic animals. 7. Stalk-A slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant part or plant organ. 8. Basidium-Club-shaped reproductive cell in basidomy-cetes undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid cells called basidiospores. 9. Chitin-The polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. 10. Lichen-An organism composed of a symbiotic association of an ascomycete fungus with algal or cyanobacterial cells. 11. Septa-Peritoneal (mesodermal) sheets separating adjacent segments, as in anhelids, or body divisions, as in chaetognaths. 12. Yeast-One of several species of ascomycete fungi in which an extensive mycelium is not produced, so that the organism is usually unicellular. 13. Decomposer-Mostly heterotrophic bacteria and fungi that obtain organic nutrients by breaking down the remains or products of other organic compounds; their activities help cycle the simple compounds back to the autotrophs. Part 2 - Answer the following questions from pages 11-16 of the site: 1. How are fungus helpful to nature? Fungi recycle dead organic matter into useful nutrients. 2. If a fungus feeds off something living it is called a ___. Parasite 3. How do fungus eat? Fungi digest food outside their bodies releasing enzymes into the surrounding environment, breaking down organic matter into a form the fungus can absorb. 4. A mushroom is actually a ___ of the fungus and it releases ___. Fruit; Spores into the air 5. List the 5 major phyla, a couple characteristics of each, and an example of each. The five major phyla are Club Fungi (Basidiomycota), looks like umbrellas growing form the ground or like shelves growing on wood. Species in this phylum produce spores on a club-like structure called the basidium. The basidium may grow free or be attached to a surface called the hymenium. Another phyla is Sac Fungi (Ascomycota), that produce their spores in special pods or sac-like structures called asci. Within this phylum beer and bread can be produced. Then there is Lichens (Mycophy Cophyta), shows the beauty of mushrooms that has enticed your greater scrutiny of the forest floor. The fourth phyla is Conjugation Fungi (Zygomycota), is a black bread mold. Finally there is Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycota), this is a phyla for the fungi that doesn't fit within the other categories such as funguses that can produce athlete's foot, penicillin, and yeast infections. 6. Who likes mushrooms? Give 3 examples of other things that eat mushrooms. Many species in the plant kingdom are dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for their sustenance. Some species such as the beautiful snowplant are so fully dependent on fungi that they have lost the ability to photosynthesize. Even the Madrone, Manzanita, and Blueberries are dependent on fungi for life. 7. What is important about the Amanita family? The amanita family includes species that are deadly, delicious, or even hallucinogenic. 8. What is the specie name of the common mushroom found in the grocery store? What phylum would they be in? The Cantharellus cibarius is one of the few wild mushrooms commercially available. The phylum they belong to is the Club Fungi. 9. Read about the Split Gill and how to do a spore print. What is a spore print? Spore prints are collections of spores taken on a sterile medium under sterile conditions. The spores are collected by placing a mature mushroom cap on the medium and allowing the cap to release spores. The spores then adhere to the surface of the medium after drying and then form a "print". Go to How to Create a Spore Print 10. What are Chanterelle's known for? Chanterelle's are known for being delicious and beautiful. 11. Name 2 famous mushrooms in the Sac fungi. Two famous mushrooms in the Sac Fungi are the prized Morel and Truffle mushrooms. Go to Welcome to Lichenland 12. What is a lichen? Why is it important? Lichens are a symbiotic union between fungus and algae. Lichens are important for many different reasons one of which is the making of antibiotics. 13. What two organisms make up a lichen? The fungus and algae are the organisms that make up a lichen. The algae provided nutrients while the fungus protects them from the elements. 14. What is the relationship between these two organisms called? This creates a unique type of lichen body which would be the thallus. This thallus body enables scientists to make identifications and assign names. 15. Where are locations that lichens may be found? Lichens are found hanging from trees,and covering rocks, soil, and bark. Great job on part 1, 15/15. For part 2, the directions were not followed, so the score is 5/15. Total is 20/30. Biology 2 Unit 4 Lesson 2 Good and Bad Fungi 4.2 Fungal Disease (20 points) Using Alta Vista or Yahoo for a search engine type in fungal diseases. Find 10 different diseases that are caused by fungus and their symptoms. List the web site where you found them. Make sure these are a disease and not just a poisonous fungus. For example, you can use Athlete's foot as one. -Anthracnose Disease: Right now a terrible disease is spreading through eastern North America killing Flowering Dogwoods, one of our most beautiful and treasured native tree species. The disease is caused by Dogwood Anthracnose Fungus. As the symptoms you can notice dark brown spots which is dead tissue surrounded by yellowness. In the disease's later stages the leaves are often red. The fungus kills by releasing a substance that breaks down the dogwoods' tissues into something the fungus can absorb and use for its own purposes. -Cercospora leaf spot is caused by the fungus, cercospora citrullina, and is the most pre valent foliar disease of watermelon in South Texas. Their symptoms are circular brown spots with white or tan centers. -Alternaria leaf blight is caused by the fungus Alternaria cucumerina. The symptom is a large, dead lesion on the leaf. -Sooty mold is a black growth on the surface of leaves, especially those in shade. The sooty mold fungi are not plant parasites but grow on the sweet honeydew deposited by various insects. -Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the finger or toe nail which is very difficult to cure. Sometimes trauma or damage to a nail predirposes to the development of onychomycosis. Omychomy is caused by a fungus. Often a person has had athlete's foot for a long time prior to the development of onychomycosis. -Athlete's foot is a common fungal infection of the skin of your feet. The fungus, tinea pedis, is contracted from public environments. The fungus then grows in the warm and moist environment of your footwear, and can be difficult to eradicate. Symptoms of Athlete's foot is itching, most notably in the creases between your toes. Their is also redness and scaling of the skin in affected areas. You could also find yourself with cracked or blistered skin. -A yeast infections funguses technical term is Candida for which the main symptom is itchiness. -Aspergillus fumigatus is a mold or fungus-type organism. Occasionally other types of molds are involved. These organisms are present in the environment of all poultry. They grow readily on many substances such as litter, feed, rotten wood and other similar materials. Symptoms are gasping, sleepiness, loss of appetite and sometimes convulsions and death. -Club-root, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a destructive soil-borne disease which affects nearly all cultivated. The fungus enters root hairs and wounded roots, and multiplies rapidly, causing abnormal enlargement of the underground stem, taproot, or secondary roots. -Fusarium yellows or wilt symptoms are, a soil-borne fungus, caused by Fusarium oxysperum f.sp. conglutinaus, resemble those of black rot. Uses of Fungi (20 points) Again using Alta Vista or Yahoo, find 10 positive uses of fungus. Some categories are fungus in food development such as yeast, beer, and cheeses. Medicine uses, and environmental uses. List the type of fungus, and how it is specifically used. Also list the web site you found your information. Fungi Fever About Fungi Fun Facts About Fungi The directions highlighted in red above were not followed. -Fungi are valuable economically as a source of antibiotics, of vitamins, and of various industrially important chemicals, such as alcohols, acetone, and enzymes, as well as for their role in fermentation processes, as in the production of alcoholic beverages, vinegar, cheese, and bread dough. They are extremely important in soil renewal, through the decomposition of organic matter. 38/40. Well done. HAPPY NEW YEAR ^+^ Mrs. Parker Week 15 on the checklist, last day of the semester is January 28. No more than 1 unit of work may be turned in during the last week of the semester. Biology 2 Unit 4 Quiz Quiz 1. Identify 4 differences between fungi and plants. Fungi: Plants: -heterotrophic -photosynthesis -have filamentous bodies -made of various cells and tissue -cells contain chitin -cell wall is made of cellulose -have nuclear mitosis -nuclear membrane remains in place during mitosis 2. Name three important functions of fungi in the environment. Fungi recycle dead organic matter into useful nutrients. Some species in the plant kingdom are dependent on fungi for life. Yes, lichens have a symbiotic relationship with fungi. A third is that they are an important food source. 3. List 5 fungal diseases and their symptoms. One fungal disease is Athlete's foot, tinea pedis, symptoms include itching, most notably in the creases between your toes. Another fungal disease is a yeast infection, Candida, main symptom is itchiness. Onychomycosis is another fungal disease of the finger or toenail where the nails begin to decay. Another fugal disease is sooty mold, symptoms is a black growth on the surface of leaves. Finally Alternaria cucumeria is another fungal disease, symptoms include a large, dead lesion on the leaf. 4. List 1 important fact about each of the following: Aminita mushrooms-includes species that are deadly, delicious, or even hallucinogenic. Chantrell mushrooms-are known for being delicious and beautiful. Lichens-fungus and algae are the organisms that make up a lichen. 5. List the 5 Phyla of fungi and a distinguishing characteristic of each. The five phyla of fungi are: -Club Fungi (Basidiomycota)-produces spores on a club-like structure called the basidium. -Sac Fungi (Ascomycota)-produce their spores in special pods or sac-like structures called asci. -Lichens (Mycophycophyta)-once the beauty of mushrooms has enticed your greater scrutiny of the forest floor. -Conjugation Fungi (Zygomycota)-is a black bread mold. -Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycota)-left overs that don't fit into the other groups. 12/15. Keep up the work, the end is near. I know you can finish - you are a smart, capable student. ^+^ Mrs. Parker Jan 10-16 Week 16, Semester ends Jan. 28. No more than 1 unit of work may be turned in during the last week of the semester. Biology 2 Unit 5 Lesson 3 Seedless Plants 1. What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular plants? Vascular plants can be seedless. They are limited is size due to their lack of vascular tissues. Where as non-vascular plants lack length or width due to the lack of ability to transport water and food from one part of the plant to another. They also do not have stems, roots, or leaves. Vascular plants also lack true roots, but are attached to the ground by underground rhizomes. 2. Which phylum has leaves called fronds and reproduce using spores? Pterophyta Ferns has leaves called fronds and reproduce using spores. 3. Which phylum produce reproductive structures called fruits? Anthophyta Flowering plants produce reproductive structures called fruits. 4. What is the common name of the phylum that appears as a flattened leafy body, and contains no vascular tissue, cuticle, roots, stems, or leaves? Hepatophyta Liverworts appears as a flattened leafy body, and contains no vascular tissue, cuticle, roots, stems, or leaves. 5. What is the common name of plants with ribbed and jointed stems and soft needle-like leaves? Sphenophyta Horsetails have ribbed and jointed stems and soft needlelike leaves. 6. What is the common name of plants which reproduce by cones? Coniferophyta Conifers which reproduce by cones. 7. Which phylum has tiny leaves and no roots or stems? Pallotophyta Whisk ferns has tiny leaves and no roots or stems. 8. What is the common name of the phyla with palm-like leaves and separate male and female plants? Cycadophyta Cycads have palm-like leaves and separate male and female plants. 9. What is the common name of the phyla that includes ivy vines and maple trees? Gnetophyta Gnetophytes includes ivy vines and maple trees. flowering plan